Which Statement Best Describes The Relationship Between Those Who Believe In External Control

Social Command Theory

Social control theory argues that relationships, commitments, values, and beliefs encourage conformity.

Learning Objectives

Differentiate between methods of social control

Key Takeaways

Central Points

Internal means of control, such every bit an individual's own sense of right and wrong, decrease the likelihood that one will deviate from social norms.
Through external ways of control, individuals conform because an authority figure threatens sanctions if the individual disobeys.
Jackson Toby argued that individuals engaged in not-runaway community activities felt as thought they had too much to lose by joining runaway groups and, hence, had a "stake in conformity ".
F. Ivan Nye argued that youth may be directly controlled through constraints imposed by parents, through limits on the opportunity for delinquency, and through parental rewards and punishments.
Michel Foucault argues that the eighteenth century introduced a new class of power: discipline. Discipline is a power relation in which the field of study is complicit. This is contrasted with the previous strategy of regulating bodies simply not seeking complicity.
Socialization refers to the lifelong procedure of inheriting, interpreting, and disseminating norms, customs, and ideologies.

Central Terms

socialization: The process of learning one's culture and how to alive within information technology.
Social Control Theory: Social command theory proposes that people'due south relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the police force. Thus, if moral codes are internalized and individuals are tied into, and take a pale in their wider community, they will voluntarily limit their propensity to commit deviant acts.
Discipline and Punish: Discipline and Punish: The Nativity of the Prison is a 1975 book by the French philosopher Michel Foucault.

Social control theory describes internal ways of social control. It argues that relationships, commitments, values, and behavior encourage conformity—if moral codes are internalized and individuals are tied into broader communities, individuals will voluntarily limit deviant acts. This interpretation suggests the power of internal means of control, such as ane'south ain conscious, ego, and sensibilities virtually correct and wrong, are powerful in mitigating the likelihood that i will deviate from social norms. This stands in dissimilarity to external means of control, in which individuals conform because an say-so figure (such equally the state ) threatens sanctions should the private disobey.

Social control theory seeks to understand how to reduce deviance. Ultimately, social command theory is Hobbesian; it presupposes that all choices are constrained by social relations and contracts betwixt parties. Like Hobbes, adherents to social control theory suggest that morality is created inside a social gild by assigning costs and consequences to certain deportment that are marked as evil, incorrect, illegal, or deviant.

Jackson Toby

An internal agreement of ways of control became articulated in sociological theory in the mid-twentieth century. In 1957, Jackson Toby published an article entitled "Social Disorganization and Stake in Conformity: Complementary Factors in the Predatory Behavior of Hoodlums," which discussed why adolescents were inclined or disinclined to engage in delinquent activities. Toby argued that individuals engaged in non-delinquent community activities felt every bit thought they had as well much to lose past joining runaway groups and, hence, had a "stake in conformity." The notion of an individual existence shaped by his ties to his community, of having a "stake in conformity," laid the groundwork for the idea of internalized norms that act as a method of social command.

F. Ivan Nye

Toby's study was followed in 1958 by F. Ivan Nye'southward volume Family unit Relationships and Runaway Beliefs. Nye carried on the tradition of studying juvenile delinquency as a means of theorizing about deviance and social control. Nye conducted formal interviews of 780 young people in Washington State, though his sample was criticized for non including individuals from urban backgrounds and for only selecting individuals who were probable to draw their families unfavorably. Nye focused on the family unit unit equally a source of command and specified three types of command: (1) direct control, or the use of punishments and rewards to incentivize particular behaviors; (ii) indirect control, or the appreciating identification with individuals who adhere to social norms; and (iii) internal control, or the manipulation of an individual's conscience or sense of guilt to encourage conformity.

Youth may be directly controlled through constraints imposed by parents, through limits on the opportunity for delinquency, or through parental rewards and punishments. However, youth may be constrained when free from directly control by their anticipation of parental disapproval (indirect command), or through the development of a censor, an internal constraint on behavior.

Michel Foucault: In his 1975 seminal text, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Michel Foucault identifies a new class of ability introduced in the eighteenth century: discipline.

Michel Foucault

How do individuals develop a particular conscience that promotes social adherence? This is the question taken up by social theorist Michel Foucault in his 1975 seminal text, Subject and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Foucault argues that the eighteenth century introduced a new course of power: subject area. Prior to this period, government achieved social control by the mere regulation of bodies. Deviants were controlled past the threat and frequent utilize of the death penalty or indefinite incarceration.

Subject field, however, is a power relation in which the subject is complicit. Rather than the state only regulating bodies, the state began to achieve social control by molding the minds of its subjects such that individuals were educated to accommodate even when out of the straight gaze of the punishing dominance. The grooming of subjects' minds occurs broadly in society via socialization, or the lifelong procedure of inheriting, interpreting, and disseminating norms, customs, and ideologies. Simply by living within a particular cultural context, i learns and internalizes the norms of club.

Conformity and Obedience

Conformity is the deed of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.

Learning Objectives

Differentiate amidst compliance, identification, and internalization; and between obedience and conformity

Central Takeaways

Key Points

Norms are implicit rules shared by a grouping of individuals, that guide their interactions with others and amidst society or social grouping.
Herbert Kelman identified three major types of conformity: compliance, identification, and internalization.
Compliance is public conformity, while possibly keeping one's own original beliefs for oneself. Identification is befitting to someone who is liked and respected. Internalization is accepting the belief or behavior and conforming both publicly and privately, if the source is credible.
Obedience is a form of social influence in which a person accepts instructions or orders from an authority figure.
Stanley Milgram created a highly controversial and often replicated study, the Milgram experiment, where he focused on how long participants would listen to and obey orders from the experimenter.
In the Stanford Prison house Experiment, Philip Zimbardo placed higher age students into an artificial prison environment in order to written report the affect of "social forces" on participants behavior.
Stanley Milgram created a highly controversial and often replicated study, the Milgram experiment, where he focused how long participants would listen to and obey orders from the experimenter.
In the Stanford Prison Experiment, Philip Zimbardo placed higher age students into an artificial prison surround in order to study the impacts of "social forces" on participants behavior.

Key Terms

identification: A feeling of support, sympathy, understanding, or belonging towards somebody or something.
compliance: the tendency of conforming with or agreeing to the wishes of others
conformity: the credo of adhering to one standard or social uniformity

Conformity

Social command is established by encouraging individuals to arrange and obey social norms, both through formal and breezy means. Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms. The trend to arrange occurs in small groups and in society as a whole, and may result from subtle unconscious influences or direct and overt social pressure. Conformity tin can occur in the presence of others, or when an individual is alone. For example, people tend to follow social norms when eating or watching television, regardless of whether others are present. As conformity is a grouping miracle, factors such as grouping size, unanimity, cohesion, condition, prior commitment, and public opinion help decide the level of conformity an individual displays.

Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three major types of conformity: compliance, identification, and internalization. Compliance is public conformity, while perhaps keeping one's own original beliefs independent. It is motivated by the demand for approval and the fear of being rejected. Identification is befitting to someone who is liked and respected, such equally a glory or a favorite uncle. This can be motivated by the attractiveness of the source, and this is a deeper type of conformism than compliance. Internalization is accepting the belief or behavior and befitting both publicly and privately. It is the deepest influence on people, and it will bear upon them for a long time.

Solomon E. Asch conducted a archetype study of conformity. He exposed students in a group to a series of lines, and the participants were asked to lucifer the length of i line with a standard line, a task with a very clear correct answer. Simply one individual in the group was a true educatee, yet – the residuum were confederates, or actors that were pretending to be students, but knew the truthful aim of the study. The confederates were instructed to unanimously give the wrong reply (matching the standard line with an wrong line) in 12 of the 18 trials. The results showed a surprisingly high degree of conformity: 76% of the students conformed on at least 1 trial, giving the wrong answer to lucifer the answer of the confederates (who they perceived as actual students). On average people conformed one-tertiary of the time, even in situations where the correct reply was obvious.

Obedience

In homo behavior, obedience is a form of social influence in which a person accepts instructions or orders from an authority effigy. Obedience differs from compliance, which is behavior influenced past peers, and from conformity, which is beliefs intended to lucifer that of the majority. Obedience can be seen as both a sin and a virtue. For example in a situation when 1 orders a person to kill another innocent person and he or she does this willingly, it is a sin. However, when one orders a person to kill an enemy who volition end a lot of innocent lives and he or she does this willingly, it tin be deemed a virtue.

Stanley Milgram created a highly controversial and often replicated study of obedience. In the Milgram experiment, participants were told they were going to contribute to a study about punishment and learning, merely the actual focus was on how long they would listen to and obey orders from the experimenter. The participants were instructed that they had to shock a person in some other room for every wrong answer on a learning job, and the shocks increased with intensity for each wrong answer. If participants questioned the process, the researcher would encourage them to continue. The Milgram study found that participants would obey orders even when it posed severe harm to others.

Milgram experiment advertizement: In the Milgram experiment, participants were told they were going to contribute to a report about punishment and learning, just the bodily focus was on how long they would listen to and obey orders from the experimenter.

The other classical written report on obedience was conducted at Stanford University during the 1970's. Phillip Zimbardo was the principle investigator responsible for the experiment. In the Stanford Prison Experiment, college-age students were put into a pseudo prison environment in lodge to study the impacts of "social forces" on participants' beliefs. Dissimilar the Milgram written report, in which each participant underwent the same experimental conditions, the Zimbardo study used random assignment so that half the participants were prison house guards and the other half were prisoners. The experimental setting was fabricated to physically resemble a prison, while simultaneously inducing "a psychological state of imprisonment." Zimbardo constitute that the guards in the written report obeyed orders and so willingly that their behavior turned aggressive. Likewise, prisoners were hostile to and resented their guards, and because of the psychological duress induced in the experiment, it had to be shut down after only half-dozen days.

Breezy Means of Control

Informal social command refers to the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws.

Learning Objectives

Evaluate the mechanisms of informal social control

Key Takeaways

Central Points

Informal sanctions may include shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval. In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion.
Socialization is a term used by sociologists to refer to the lifelong procedure of inheriting and disseminating norms, community, and ideologies, which provide an private with the skills and habits necessary for participating inside his or her own lodge.
The family unit is often the most of import agent of socialization because it is the center of the kid's life.
A peer group is a social group whose members have interests, social positions, and age in common. It can as well be an of import agent of socialization.
A peer group is a social group whose members have interests, social positions and age in common.

Primal Terms

Informal sanctions: These are the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws. These can include peer and customs pressure, eyewitness intervention in a criminal offense, and collective responses such every bit citizen patrol groups.

Breezy social control —the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws—includes peer and community force per unit area, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups. The social values that are present in individuals are products of breezy social control. It is exercised by a society without explicitly stating these rules and is expressed through customs, norms, and mores.

Informal sanctions may include shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval. In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion. An example of a negative sanction is seen in a scene from the Pinkish Floyd pic The Wall, where the immature protagonist is ridiculed and verbally driveling by a high school teacher for writing poesy in a mathematics form. As with formal controls, informal controls advantage or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior. Informal controls differ from individual to private, grouping to group, and lodge to society. For example, at a women'due south plant coming together, a disapproving look might convey that it is inappropriate to flirt with the minister. In a criminal gang, a stronger sanction applies in the example of someone threatening to inform to the law.

Socialization

Socialization is a term used by sociologists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, and ideologies, which provide an private with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society. Primary socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and deportment appropriate for individuals as members of a particular culture. Secondary socialization takes identify outside the abode, where children and adults learn how to deed in a way that is advisable for the situations they are in. Finally, re-socialization refers to the process of discarding one-time beliefs patterns and reflexes, accepting new ones as role of a transition in one's life.

Grouping Socialization: Informal social control—the reactions of individuals and groups that bring near conformity to norms and laws—includes peer and community pressure level, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups.

The family unit is often the most of import agent of socialization considering it is the center of the child's life. Agents of socialization can differ in effects. A peer group is a social grouping whose members accept interests, social positions, and age in common. It tin too be an of import influence on a kid, as this is where children can escape supervision and learn to form relationships on their own. The influence of the peer group typically peaks during adolescence. All the same, peer groups by and large merely bear on short-term interests, dissimilar the long-term influence exerted by the family unit.

Formal Ways of Command

Formal means of social command are mostly state-determined, through the creation of laws and their enforcement.

Learning Objectives

Explain the relationship betwixt formal ways of social control and state authorisation

Key Takeaways

Key Points

Formal means of control include the threats of sanctions or enforced sanctions manipulated by the country to encourage social command.
The death penalty and imprisonment are forms of social command that the government utilizes to maintain the rule of law.
Social theorist Max Weber contributed to our understanding of formal social command by writing well-nigh the state's monopoly on violence.
In democratic societies, the goals and mechanisms of formal social command are determined through legislation by elected representatives and thus bask a measure of support from the population and voluntary compliance.

Cardinal Terms

Politics every bit Vocation: An essay that Weber wrote of the definitional relationship betwixt the state and violence in the early twentieth century.
Max Weber: (1864–1920) A High german sociologist, philosopher, and political economist who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of folklore itself.
Formal means of Command: Formal sanctions such every bit fines and imprisonment.

Formal means of social control are the means of social command exercised by the authorities and other organizations who use law enforcement mechanisms and sanctions such as fines and imprisonment to enact social control. In democratic societies the goals and mechanisms of formal social control are adamant through legislation by elected representatives. This gives the control mechanisms a mensurate of support from the population and voluntary compliance. The mechanisms utilized past the land equally means of formal social control span the gamut from the capital punishment to curfew laws.

From a legal perspective, sanctions are penalties or other means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience with the law, or rules and regulations. Criminal sanctions tin accept the form of serious punishment, such as corporal or capital punishment, incarceration, or severe fines. Inside the civil law context, sanctions are unremarkably monetary fines.

Our understanding of formal control is enhanced by social theorist Max Weber'southward work on the land'southward utilise of violence. Weber writes of the definitional human relationship betwixt the state and violence in the early on twentieth century in his essay "Politics as Vocation. " Weber concludes that the state is that which has a monopoloy on violence. By this, Weber ways that the state is the but institution within a gild who can legitimately exercise violence on guild'southward members. When Sam kills Katie, he is a criminal guilty of murder. When the state kills Katie, it is enacting its authority to employ the death penalty to protect society. Weber uses this definition to define what constitutes the state. The formal means of social control and the monopoly on violence serve a like role in defining the land—they both illustrate the unique human relationship between the state and its subjects.